Source code for aioxmpp.stanza

########################################################################
# File name: stanza.py
# This file is part of: aioxmpp
#
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# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
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# Lesser General Public License for more details.
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"""
:mod:`~aioxmpp.stanza` --- XSOs for dealing with stanzas
########################################################

This module provides :class:`~.xso.XSO` subclasses which provide access to
stanzas and their RFC6120-defined child elements.

Much of what you’ll read here makes much more sense if you have read
`RFC 6120 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6120#section-4.7.1>`_.

Top-level classes
=================

.. autoclass:: StanzaBase(*[, from_][, to][, id_])

.. currentmodule:: aioxmpp

.. autoclass:: Message(*[, from_][, to][, id_][, type_])

.. autoclass:: IQ(*[, from_][, to][, id_][, type_])

.. autoclass:: Presence(*[, from_][, to][, id_][, type_])

.. currentmodule:: aioxmpp.stanza

Payload classes
===============

For :class:`Presence` and :class:`Message` as well as :class:`IQ` errors, the
standardized payloads also have classes which are used as values for the
attributes:

.. autoclass:: Error(*[, condition][, type_][, text])

.. autofunction:: make_application_error

For messages
------------

.. autoclass:: Thread()

.. autoclass:: Subject()

.. autoclass:: Body()

For presence’
-------------

.. autoclass:: Status()

Exceptions
==========

.. autoclass:: PayloadError

.. autoclass:: PayloadParsingError

.. autoclass:: UnknownIQPayload

Module Level Constants
======================

.. autodata:: RANDOM_ID_BYTES
"""
import random
import warnings

from . import xso, errors, structs

from .utils import namespaces, to_nmtoken

#: The number of bytes of randomness used when generating stanza IDs.
RANDOM_ID_BYTES = 120 // 8


def _safe_format_attr(obj, attr_name):
    try:
        value = getattr(obj, attr_name)
    except AttributeError as exc:
        msg = str(exc)
        if msg.startswith("attribute value is incomplete"):
            return "<incomplete>"
        else:
            return "<unset>"
    if isinstance(value, structs.JID):
        return "'{!s}'".format(value)
    return repr(value)


class StanzaError(Exception):
    """
    Base class for exceptions raised when stanzas cannot be processed.

    .. attribute:: partial_obj

       The :class:`StanzaBase` instance which has not been parsed completely.
       There are no guarantees about any attributes. This is, if at all, only
       useful for logging.

    .. attribute:: ev_args

       The XSO parsing event arguments which caused the parsing to fail.

    .. attribute:: descriptor

       The descriptor whose parsing function raised the exception.
    """

    def __init__(self, msg, partial_obj, ev_args, descriptor):
        super().__init__(msg)
        self.ev_args = ev_args
        self.partial_obj = partial_obj
        self.descriptor = descriptor


[docs]class PayloadError(StanzaError): """ Base class for exceptions raised when stanza payloads cannot be processed. This is a subclass of :class:`StanzaError`. :attr:`partial_obj` has the additional guarantee that the attributes :attr:`StanzaBase.from_`, :attr:`StanzaBase.to`, :attr:`StanzaBase.type_` and :attr:`StanzaBase.id_` are already parsed completely. """
[docs]class PayloadParsingError(PayloadError): """ A constraint of a sub-object was not fulfilled and the stanza being processed is illegal. The partially parsed stanza object is provided in :attr:`~PayloadError.partial_obj`. This is a subclass of :class:`PayloadError`. """ def __init__(self, partial_obj, ev_args, descriptor): super().__init__( "parsing of payload {} failed".format( xso.tag_to_str((ev_args[0], ev_args[1]))), partial_obj, ev_args, descriptor)
[docs]class UnknownIQPayload(PayloadError): """ The payload of an IQ object is unknown. The partial object with attributes but without payload is available through :attr:`~PayloadError.partial_obj`. """ def __init__(self, partial_obj, ev_args, descriptor): super().__init__( "unknown payload {} on iq".format( xso.tag_to_str((ev_args[0], ev_args[1]))), partial_obj, ev_args, descriptor )
[docs]class Error(xso.XSO): """ An XMPP stanza error. The keyword arguments can be used to initialize the attributes of the :class:`Error`. :param condition: The error condition as enumeration member or XSO. :type condition: :class:`aioxmpp.ErrorCondition` or :class:`aioxmpp.xso.XSO` :param type_: The type of the error :type type_: :class:`aioxmpp.ErrorType` :param text: The optional error text :type text: :class:`str` or :data:`None` .. attribute:: type_ The type attribute of the stanza. The allowed values are enumerated in :class:`~.ErrorType`. .. versionchanged:: 0.7 Starting with 0.7, the enumeration :class:`~.ErrorType` is used. Before, strings equal to the XML attribute value character data were used (``"cancel"``, ``"auth"``, and so on). As of 0.7, setting the string equivalents is still supported. However, reading from the attribute always returns the corresponding enumeration members (which still compare equal to their string equivalents). .. deprecated:: 0.7 The use of the aforementioned string values is deprecated and will lead to :exc:`TypeError` and/or :exc:`ValueError` being raised when they are written to this attribute. See the Changelog for :ref:`api-changelog-0.7` for further details on how to upgrade your code efficiently. .. attribute:: condition The standard defined condition which triggered the error. Possible values can be determined by looking at the RFC or the source. This is a member of the :class:`aioxmpp.ErrorCondition` enumeration. .. versionchanged:: 0.10 Starting with 0.10, the enumeration :class:`aioxmpp.ErrorCondition` is used. Before, tuples equal to the tags of the child elements were used (e.g. ``(namespaces.stanzas, "bad-request")``). As of 0.10, setting the tuple equivalents is still supported. However, reading from the attribute always returns the corresponding enumeration members (which still compare equal to their tuple equivalents). .. deprecated:: 0.10 The use of the aforementioned tuple values is deprecated and will lead to :exc:`TypeError` and/or :exc:`ValueError` being raised when they are written to this attribute. See the changelog for notes on the transition. .. attribute:: condition_obj An XSO object representing the child element representing the :rfc:`6120` defined error condition. .. versionadded:: 0.10 .. attribute:: text The descriptive error text which is part of the error stanza, if any (otherwise :data:`None`). Any child elements unknown to the XSO are dropped. This is to support application-specific conditions used by other applications. To register your own use :meth:`.xso.XSO.register_child` on :attr:`application_condition`: .. attribute:: application_condition Optional child :class:`~aioxmpp.xso.XSO` which describes the error condition in more application specific detail. To register a class as application condition, use: .. automethod:: as_application_condition Conversion to and from exceptions is supported with the following methods: .. automethod:: to_exception .. automethod:: from_exception """ TAG = (namespaces.client, "error") DECLARE_NS = {} EXCEPTION_CLS_MAP = { structs.ErrorType.MODIFY: errors.XMPPModifyError, structs.ErrorType.CANCEL: errors.XMPPCancelError, structs.ErrorType.AUTH: errors.XMPPAuthError, structs.ErrorType.WAIT: errors.XMPPWaitError, structs.ErrorType.CONTINUE: errors.XMPPContinueError, } UNKNOWN_CHILD_POLICY = xso.UnknownChildPolicy.DROP UNKNOWN_ATTR_POLICY = xso.UnknownAttrPolicy.DROP type_ = xso.Attr( tag="type", type_=xso.EnumCDataType( structs.ErrorType, allow_coerce=True, deprecate_coerce=True, ), ) text = xso.ChildText( tag=(namespaces.stanzas, "text"), attr_policy=xso.UnknownAttrPolicy.DROP, default=None, declare_prefix=None ) condition_obj = xso.Child( [member.xso_class for member in errors.ErrorCondition], required=True, ) application_condition = xso.Child([], required=False) def __init__(self, condition=errors.ErrorCondition.UNDEFINED_CONDITION, type_=structs.ErrorType.CANCEL, text=None): super().__init__() if not isinstance(condition, (errors.ErrorCondition, xso.XSO)): condition = errors.ErrorCondition(condition) warnings.warn( "as of aioxmpp 1.0, error conditions must be members of the " "aioxmpp.ErrorCondition enumeration", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) self.condition_obj = condition.to_xso() self.type_ = type_ self.text = text @property def condition(self): return self.condition_obj.enum_member @condition.setter def condition(self, value): if not isinstance(value, errors.ErrorCondition): value = errors.ErrorCondition(value) warnings.warn( "as of aioxmpp 1.0, error conditions must be members of the " "aioxmpp.ErrorCondition enumeration", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) if self.condition == value: return self.condition_obj = value.xso_class()
[docs] @classmethod def from_exception(cls, exc): """ Construct a new :class:`Error` payload from the attributes of the exception. :param exc: The exception to convert :type exc: :class:`aioxmpp.errors.XMPPError` :result: Newly constructed error payload :rtype: :class:`Error` .. versionchanged:: 0.10 The :attr:`aioxmpp.XMPPError.application_defined_condition` is now taken over into the result. """ result = cls( condition=exc.condition, type_=exc.TYPE, text=exc.text ) result.application_condition = exc.application_defined_condition return result
[docs] def to_exception(self): """ Convert the error payload to a :class:`~aioxmpp.errors.XMPPError` subclass. :result: Newly constructed exception :rtype: :class:`aioxmpp.errors.XMPPError` The exact type of the result depends on the :attr:`type_` (see :class:`~aioxmpp.errors.XMPPError` about the existing subclasses). The :attr:`condition_obj`, :attr:`text` and :attr:`application_condition` are transferred to the respective attributes of the :class:`~aioxmpp.errors.XMPPError`. """ if hasattr(self.application_condition, "to_exception"): result = self.application_condition.to_exception(self.type_) if isinstance(result, Exception): return result return self.EXCEPTION_CLS_MAP[self.type_]( condition=self.condition_obj, text=self.text, application_defined_condition=self.application_condition, )
[docs] @classmethod def as_application_condition(cls, other_cls): """ Register `other_cls` as child class for the :attr:`application_condition` attribute. Doing so will allows the class to be parsed instead of being discarded. .. seealso:: :func:`make_application_error` --- creates and automatically registers a new application error condition. """ cls.register_child(cls.application_condition, other_cls) return other_cls
def __repr__(self): payload = "" if self.text: payload = " text={!r}".format(self.text) return "<{} type={!r}{}>".format( self.condition.value[1], self.type_, payload)
[docs]class StanzaBase(xso.XSO): """ Base for all stanza classes. Usually, you will use the derived classes: .. autosummary:: :nosignatures: Message Presence IQ However, some common attributes are defined in this base class: .. attribute:: from_ The :class:`~aioxmpp.JID` of the sending entity. .. attribute:: to The :class:`~aioxmpp.JID` of the receiving entity. .. attribute:: lang The ``xml:lang`` value as :class:`~aioxmpp.structs.LanguageTag`. .. attribute:: error Either :data:`None` or a :class:`Error` instance. .. note:: The :attr:`id_` attribute is not defined in :class:`StanzaBase` as different stanza classes have different requirements with respect to presence of that attribute. In addition to these attributes, common methods needed are also provided: .. automethod:: autoset_id .. automethod:: make_error """ DECLARE_NS = {} from_ = xso.Attr( tag="from", type_=xso.JID(), default=None) to = xso.Attr( tag="to", type_=xso.JID(), default=None) lang = xso.LangAttr( tag=(namespaces.xml, "lang") ) error = xso.Child([Error]) def __init__(self, *, from_=None, to=None, id_=None): super().__init__() if from_ is not None: self.from_ = from_ if to is not None: self.to = to if id_ is not None: self.id_ = id_
[docs] def autoset_id(self): """ If the :attr:`id_` already has a non-false (false is also the empty string!) value, this method is a no-op. Otherwise, the :attr:`id_` attribute is filled with :data:`RANDOM_ID_BYTES` of random data, encoded by :func:`aioxmpp.utils.to_nmtoken`. .. note:: This method only works on subclasses of :class:`StanzaBase` which define the :attr:`id_` attribute. """ try: self.id_ except AttributeError: pass else: if self.id_: return self.id_ = to_nmtoken(random.getrandbits(8*RANDOM_ID_BYTES))
def _make_reply(self, type_): obj = type(self)(type_) obj.from_ = self.to obj.to = self.from_ obj.id_ = self.id_ return obj
[docs] def make_error(self, error): """ Create a new instance of this stanza (this directly uses ``type(self)``, so also works for subclasses without extra care) which has the given `error` value set as :attr:`error`. In addition, the :attr:`id_`, :attr:`from_` and :attr:`to` values are transferred from the original (with from and to being swapped). Also, the :attr:`type_` is set to ``"error"``. """ obj = type(self)( from_=self.to, to=self.from_, # because flat is better than nested (sarcasm) type_=type(self).type_.type_.enum_class.ERROR, ) obj.id_ = self.id_ obj.error = error return obj
def xso_error_handler(self, descriptor, ev_args, exc_info): raise StanzaError( "failed to parse stanza", self, ev_args, descriptor )
[docs]class Thread(xso.XSO): """ Threading information, consisting of a thread identifier and an optional parent thread identifier. .. attribute:: identifier Identifier of the thread .. attribute:: parent :data:`None` or the identifier of the parent thread. """ TAG = (namespaces.client, "thread") identifier = xso.Text( validator=xso.Nmtoken(), validate=xso.ValidateMode.FROM_CODE) parent = xso.Attr( tag="parent", validator=xso.Nmtoken(), validate=xso.ValidateMode.FROM_CODE, default=None )
[docs]class Body(xso.AbstractTextChild): """ The textual body of a :class:`Message` stanza. While it might seem intuitive to refer to the body using a :class:`~.xso.ChildText` descriptor, the fact that there might be multiple texts for different languages justifies the use of a separate class. .. attribute:: lang The ``xml:lang`` of this body part, as :class:`~.structs.LanguageTag`. .. attribute:: text The textual content of the body. """ TAG = (namespaces.client, "body")
[docs]class Subject(xso.AbstractTextChild): """ The subject of a :class:`Message` stanza. While it might seem intuitive to refer to the subject using a :class:`~.xso.ChildText` descriptor, the fact that there might be multiple texts for different languages justifies the use of a separate class. .. attribute:: lang The ``xml:lang`` of this subject part, as :class:`~.structs.LanguageTag`. .. attribute:: text The textual content of the subject """ TAG = (namespaces.client, "subject")
[docs]class Message(StanzaBase): """ An XMPP message stanza. The keyword arguments can be used to initialize the attributes of the :class:`Message`. .. attribute:: id_ The optional ID of the stanza. .. attribute:: type_ The type attribute of the stanza. The allowed values are enumerated in :class:`~.MessageType`. .. versionchanged:: 0.7 Starting with 0.7, the enumeration :class:`~.MessageType` is used. Before, strings equal to the XML attribute value character data were used (``"chat"``, ``"headline"``, and so on). As of 0.7, setting the string equivalents is still supported. However, reading from the attribute always returns the corresponding enumeration members (which still compare equal to their string equivalents). .. deprecated:: 0.7 The use of the aforementioned string values is deprecated and will lead to :exc:`TypeError` and/or :exc:`ValueError` being raised when they are written to this attribute. See the Changelog for :ref:`api-changelog-0.7` for further details on how to upgrade your code efficiently. .. attribute:: body A :class:`~.structs.LanguageMap` mapping the languages of the different body elements to their text. .. versionchanged:: 0.5 Before 0.5, this was a :class:`~aioxmpp.xso.model.XSOList`. .. attribute:: subject A :class:`~.structs.LanguageMap` mapping the languages of the different subject elements to their text. .. versionchanged:: 0.5 Before 0.5, this was a :class:`~aioxmpp.xso.model.XSOList`. .. attribute:: thread A :class:`Thread` instance representing the threading information attached to the message or :data:`None` if no threading information is attached. Note that some attributes are inherited from :class:`StanzaBase`: ========================= ======================================= :attr:`~StanzaBase.from_` sender :class:`~aioxmpp.JID` :attr:`~StanzaBase.to` recipient :class:`~aioxmpp.JID` :attr:`~StanzaBase.lang` ``xml:lang`` value :attr:`~StanzaBase.error` :class:`Error` instance ========================= ======================================= .. automethod:: make_reply """ TAG = (namespaces.client, "message") UNKNOWN_CHILD_POLICY = xso.UnknownChildPolicy.DROP id_ = xso.Attr(tag="id", default=None) type_ = xso.Attr( tag="type", type_=xso.EnumCDataType( structs.MessageType, allow_coerce=True, deprecate_coerce=True, # changing the following breaks stanza handling; StanzaStream # relies on the meta-properties of the enumerations (is_request and # such). allow_unknown=False, accept_unknown=False, ), default=structs.MessageType.NORMAL, erroneous_as_absent=True, ) body = xso.ChildTextMap(Body) subject = xso.ChildTextMap(Subject) thread = xso.Child([Thread]) def __init__(self, type_, **kwargs): super().__init__(**kwargs) self.type_ = type_
[docs] def make_reply(self): """ Create a reply for the message. The :attr:`id_` attribute is cleared in the reply. The :attr:`from_` and :attr:`to` are swapped and the :attr:`type_` attribute is the same as the one of the original message. The new :class:`Message` object is returned. """ obj = super()._make_reply(self.type_) obj.id_ = None return obj
def __repr__(self): return "<message from={} to={} id={} type={}>".format( _safe_format_attr(self, "from_"), _safe_format_attr(self, "to"), _safe_format_attr(self, "id_"), _safe_format_attr(self, "type_"), )
[docs]class Status(xso.AbstractTextChild): """ The status of a :class:`Presence` stanza. While it might seem intuitive to refer to the status using a :class:`~.xso.ChildText` descriptor, the fact that there might be multiple texts for different languages justifies the use of a separate class. .. attribute:: lang The ``xml:lang`` of this status part, as :class:`~.structs.LanguageTag`. .. attribute:: text The textual content of the status """ TAG = (namespaces.client, "status")
[docs]class Presence(StanzaBase): """ An XMPP presence stanza. The keyword arguments can be used to initialize the attributes of the :class:`Presence`. .. attribute:: id_ The optional ID of the stanza. .. attribute:: type_ The type attribute of the stanza. The allowed values are enumerated in :class:`~.PresenceType`. .. versionchanged:: 0.7 Starting with 0.7, the enumeration :class:`~.PresenceType` is used. Before, strings equal to the XML attribute value character data were used (``"probe"``, ``"unavailable"``, and so on, as well as :data:`None` to indicate the absence of the attribute and thus "available" presence). As of 0.7, setting the string equivalents and :data:`None` is still supported. However, reading from the attribute always returns the corresponding enumeration members (which still compare equal to their string equivalents). .. deprecated:: 0.7 The use of the aforementioned string values (and :data:`None`) is deprecated and will lead to :exc:`TypeError` and/or :exc:`ValueError` being raised when they are written to this attribute. See the Changelog for :ref:`api-changelog-0.7` for further details on how to upgrade your code efficiently. .. attribute:: show The ``show`` value of the stanza, or :data:`None` if no ``show`` element is present. .. attribute:: priority The ``priority`` value of the presence. The default here is ``0`` and corresponds to an absent ``priority`` element. .. attribute:: status A :class:`~.structs.LanguageMap` mapping the languages of the different status elements to their text. .. versionchanged:: 0.5 Before 0.5, this was a :class:`~aioxmpp.xso.model.XSOList`. Note that some attributes are inherited from :class:`StanzaBase`: ========================= ======================================= :attr:`~StanzaBase.from_` sender :class:`~aioxmpp.JID` :attr:`~StanzaBase.to` recipient :class:`~aioxmpp.JID` :attr:`~StanzaBase.lang` ``xml:lang`` value :attr:`~StanzaBase.error` :class:`Error` instance ========================= ======================================= """ TAG = (namespaces.client, "presence") id_ = xso.Attr(tag="id", default=None) type_ = xso.Attr( tag="type", type_=xso.EnumCDataType( structs.PresenceType, allow_coerce=True, deprecate_coerce=True, # changing the following breaks stanza handling; StanzaStream # relies on the meta-properties of the enumerations (is_request and # such). allow_unknown=False, accept_unknown=False, ), default=structs.PresenceType.AVAILABLE, ) show = xso.ChildText( tag=(namespaces.client, "show"), type_=xso.EnumCDataType( structs.PresenceShow, allow_coerce=True, deprecate_coerce=True, allow_unknown=False, accept_unknown=False, ), default=structs.PresenceShow.NONE, erroneous_as_absent=True, ) status = xso.ChildTextMap(Status) priority = xso.ChildText( tag=(namespaces.client, "priority"), type_=xso.Integer(), default=0 ) unhandled_children = xso.Collector() def __init__(self, *, type_=structs.PresenceType.AVAILABLE, show=structs.PresenceShow.NONE, **kwargs): super().__init__(**kwargs) self.type_ = type_ self.show = show def __repr__(self): return "<presence from={} to={} id={} type={}>".format( _safe_format_attr(self, "from_"), _safe_format_attr(self, "to"), _safe_format_attr(self, "id_"), _safe_format_attr(self, "type_"), )
[docs]class IQ(StanzaBase): """ An XMPP IQ stanza. The keyword arguments can be used to initialize the attributes of the :class:`IQ`. .. attribute:: id_ The optional ID of the stanza. .. attribute:: type_ The type attribute of the stanza. The allowed values are enumerated in :class:`~.IQType`. .. versionchanged:: 0.7 Starting with 0.7, the enumeration :class:`~.IQType` is used. Before, strings equal to the XML attribute value character data were used (``"get"``, ``"set"``, and so on). As of 0.7, setting the string equivalents is still supported. However, reading from the attribute always returns the corresponding enumeration members (which still compare equal to their string equivalents). .. deprecated:: 0.7 The use of the aforementioned string values is deprecated and will lead to :exc:`TypeError` and/or :exc:`ValueError` being raised when they are written to this attribute. See the Changelog for :ref:`api-changelog-0.7` for further details on how to upgrade your code efficiently. .. attribute:: payload An XSO which forms the payload of the IQ stanza. Note that some attributes are inherited from :class:`StanzaBase`: ========================= ======================================= :attr:`~StanzaBase.from_` sender :class:`~aioxmpp.JID` :attr:`~StanzaBase.to` recipient :class:`~aioxmpp.JID` :attr:`~StanzaBase.lang` ``xml:lang`` value :attr:`~StanzaBase.error` :class:`Error` instance ========================= ======================================= New payload classes can be registered using: .. automethod:: as_payload_class """ TAG = (namespaces.client, "iq") UNKNOWN_CHILD_POLICY = xso.UnknownChildPolicy.FAIL id_ = xso.Attr(tag="id") type_ = xso.Attr( tag="type", type_=xso.EnumCDataType( structs.IQType, allow_coerce=True, deprecate_coerce=True, # changing the following breaks stanza handling; StanzaStream # relies on the meta-properties of the enumerations (is_request and # such). allow_unknown=False, accept_unknown=False, ) ) payload = xso.Child([], strict=True) def __init__(self, type_, *, payload=None, error=None, **kwargs): super().__init__(**kwargs) self.type_ = type_ self.payload = payload self.error = error def _validate(self): try: self.id_ except AttributeError: raise ValueError("IQ requires ID") from None if self.type_ == structs.IQType.ERROR and self.error is None: raise ValueError("IQ with type='error' requires error payload") super().validate() def validate(self): try: self._validate() except Exception: raise StanzaError( "invalid IQ stanza", self, None, None, ) def make_reply(self, type_): if not self.type_.is_request: raise ValueError("make_reply requires request IQ") obj = super()._make_reply(type_) return obj def xso_error_handler(self, descriptor, ev_args, exc_info): # raise a specific error if the payload failed to parse if descriptor == IQ.payload.xq_descriptor: raise PayloadParsingError(self, ev_args, descriptor) elif descriptor is None: raise UnknownIQPayload(self, ev_args, descriptor) return super().xso_error_handler(descriptor, ev_args, exc_info) def __repr__(self): payload = "" try: if self.type_.is_error: payload = " error={!r}".format(self.error) elif self.payload: payload = " data={!r}".format(self.payload) except AttributeError: payload = " error={!r} data={!r}".format( self.error, self.payload ) return "<iq from={} to={} id={} type={}{}>".format( _safe_format_attr(self, "from_"), _safe_format_attr(self, "to"), _safe_format_attr(self, "id_"), _safe_format_attr(self, "type_"), payload)
[docs] @classmethod def as_payload_class(cls, other_cls): """ Register `other_cls` as possible :class:`IQ` :attr:`payload`. Doing so is required in order to receive IQs with such payload. """ cls.register_child(cls.payload, other_cls) return other_cls
[docs]def make_application_error(name, tag): """ Create and return a **class** inheriting from :class:`.xso.XSO`. The :attr:`.xso.XSO.TAG` is set to `tag` and the class’ name will be `name`. In addition, the class is automatically registered with :attr:`.Error.application_condition` using :meth:`~.Error.as_application_condition`. Keep in mind that if you subclass the class returned by this function, the subclass is not registered with :class:`.Error`. In addition, if you do not override the :attr:`~.xso.XSO.TAG`, you will not be able to register the subclass as application defined condition as it has the same tag as the class returned by this function, which has already been registered as application condition. """ cls = type(xso.XSO)(name, (xso.XSO,), { "TAG": tag, }) Error.as_application_condition(cls) return cls